Physiology
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Nucleus accumbens aka accumbens nucleus
The聽nucleus accumbens聽(NAc聽or聽NAcc; also known as the聽accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the聽nucleus accumbens septi,聽Latin聽for “nucleus聽adjacent to the聽septum“) is a region in the聽basal forebrain聽rostral聽to the聽preoptic area聽of the聽hypothalamus. The nucleus accumbens and the聽olfactory… Read more.
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The pineal gland as an APUD organ
It is only in recent years that the pineal gland has emerged from being thought of as non-functional and unimportant. The rise from obscurity has been the result of the… Read more.
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Pineal gland notes
The pineal gland, conarium, or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone, which gives it… Read more.
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APUD System Cells May Include Melanocytes Wiki
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin’s epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. Melanin is a dark pigment primarily responsible for skin color. Once synthesized, melanin is contained in… Read more.
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Cells in the APUD system may include Juxtaglomerular cells聽(JG cells), the renin producing cells in the kidney
Juxtaglomerular cells聽(JG cells), also known as聽juxtaglomerular granular cells聽are聽cells聽in the聽kidney聽that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme聽renin. They are specialized聽smooth muscle cells聽mainly in the walls of the聽afferent arterioles聽(and some in the聽efferent arterioles)… Read more.
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Carotid Body Glomus Cells Mediate Essential Reflex Responses to Arterial Blood Hypoxia
Glomus cells are the cell type mainly located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors which sense the oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood.… Read more.
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The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the聽amino acid聽tyrosine聽into the聽catecholamines;聽epinephrine,聽norepinephrine, and聽dopamine
The聽adrenal medulla聽(Latin:聽medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the聽adrenal gland.聽It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the聽adrenal cortex.聽It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland,… Read more.
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The chief cells of the parathyroid glands sense the amount of calcium in the blood, and release the calcium-increasing hormone聽parathyroid hormone聽(PTH) accordingly
Parathyroid chief cells聽(also called聽parathyroid principal cells聽or simply聽parathyroid cells) are one of the two cell types of the parathyroid glands, along with聽oxyphil cells.聽The chief cells are much more prevalent in the… Read more.
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Parafollicular cells aka C cells secrete聽calcitonin and several neuroendocrine peptides
Parafollicular cells, also called C cells, are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid. The primary function of these cells is to secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective… Read more.
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Adenohypophysis regulates several聽physiological聽processes, including聽stress,聽growth,聽reproduction, and聽lactation
A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes, including stress, growth, reproduction,… Read more.
